Author

Year

Journal

SORT

Subject Population

N

Method

1

Kwak, J. Salmon, J.R.

2007

J Am Geriatric Soc.

B

Elderly Population; Caregivers

20 Elderly Korean Americans; 16 Caregivers

Focus Groups

Results The sampled elderly Korean Americans had little knowledge about advanced directives, but once described saw them as useful in guiding adult children in EOL care decisions. Elderly Korean Americans demonstrated a preference for indirect and nonverbal communication referred to as “noon-chi”. Both elderly Korean Americans and Korean American caregivers acknowledged the role a physician plays in end-of-life decisions and treatment. Caregivers supported physician initiated conversations about end-of-life care. Korean American preference for indirect “noon-chi” communication of bad news was indicated to be primarily relevant within the family setting. Korean Americans indicated that direct communication about end-of-life decisions was appropriate when initiated by a physician.

2

Braun, U.K.

Ford, M.E.

Beyth, R.J. McCullough, L.B.

2010

Patient EducCouns

B

Physicians

Focus Group

Results Hispanic American physicians noted culturally-based differences about truth-telling and stated that Hispanic American families often seek to conceal bad news from a very sick patient to protect them. African American and European American physicians also noted ethnic differences regarding truth-telling, but indicated that these differences occurred primarily with Hispanic American, Asian American, or Middle Eastern patients.

3

Blackhall, L.J.

Frank, G.

Murphy, S.

Michel, V.

2001

J Urban Health

B

Elderly Population

20 European Americans; 20 African Americans; 20 Korean Americans; 20 Mexican Americans

Interviews